فهرست مطالب
An introduction to Japanese syntax, Grammar and Language
a disclaimer
Preface
Table of Contents
1. Japanese syntax and structure
1.1 The syntax
1.1.1 rōmaji
1.1.2 The kana
1.1.2.1. The scripts
1.1.2.2. Voicing
1.1.2.3. Glides
1.1.2.4. Long vowels
1.1.2.5. The \"Double consonant\"
1.1.2.6. Approximating non-Japanese sounds
1.1.3. Hiragana
1.1.4. Katakana
1.1.5. Kanji
1.1.5.1. The history of kanji
1.1.5.2. Kanji readings
1.1.5.3. Why kanji are a blessing
1.1.5.4. Stroke order
1.1.5.5. Looking up kanji
1.1.5.6. Compound pronunciations
1.1.6. How to write Japanese
1.2. The language
1.2.1. Word classes
1.2.1.1. Verbals
1.2.1.1.1. Godan conjugating verbs
1.2.1.1.2. Ichidan conjugating verbs
1.2.1.1.3. Irregular conjugating verbs
1.2.1.1.4. Verbal adjectives
1.2.1.1.5. Some important verbs
1.2.1.2. Nominals
1.2.1.2.1. Nouns
1.2.1.2.2. Noun adjectives
1.2.1.2.3. Pronouns
1.2.1.2.4. Personal pronouns
1.2.1.2.5. Important nouns
1.2.1.3. Compound words
1.2.1.4. Adverbials
1.2.1.5. Sound words
1.2.1.5.1. Onomatopoeia
1.2.1.5.2. Mimesis
1.2.1.6. Particles and modifiers
1.2.1.6.1. Denoting grammar
1.2.1.6.2. Postpositions
1.2.1.6.3. Modifiers and nominalisers
1.2.1.6.4. Counters
1.2.1.7. Prefixes
1.2.1.7.1. The honorific prefix
1.2.1.7.2. Negating prefixes
1.2.1.7.3. Assorted prefixes
1.2.2. Accents and pitch
1.2.3. Gender roles
1.2.4. Sentence structure
1.2.5. Discourse
1.2.5.1. Context
1.2.5.2. Explicitly introducing context
1.2.5.3. Asking questions and context
1.2.5.4. S/O/V in discourse
2. Verb conjugation
2.1. Classes and bases
2.2. Verb constructions
2.2.1. Mizenkei
2.2.1.1. Negative
2.2.1.1.1. Direct negative 1
2.2.1.1.2. Direct negative 2
2.2.1.1.3. Polite negative
2.2.1.1.4. Negative perfect
2.2.1.1.5. Additional examples
2.2.1.2. (ra)reru
2.2.1.2.1. Passive
2.2.1.2.2. Passive form of bother
2.2.1.2.3. Potential
2.2.1.2.4. Honorific
2.2.1.2.5. Additional examples
2.2.1.3. (sa)seru
2.2.1.4. Causative passive
2.2.1.5. Pseudo-futurum
2.2.1.5.1. Dubitative/cohortative
2.2.1.5.2. Presumptive
2.2.1.5.3. The pseudo-futurum + と + verbs
2.2.1.5.4. Negative pseudo-futurum
2.2.2. Renyoukei
2.2.2.1. Conjunction
2.2.2.1.1. Sentences
2.2.2.1.2. Verbals
2.2.2.2. Conjugation
2.2.2.2.1. Polite form
2.2.2.2.2. Short potential
2.2.2.2.3. Past tense
2.2.2.2.4. The て form
2.2.2.2.5. Representative verb action listing
2.2.2.2.6. Desire
2.2.2.2.7. Impressions
2.2.2.3. Forming nouns
2.2.2.3.1. Plain nouns
2.2.2.3.2. Way of doing ...
2.2.3. Shuushikei
2.2.4. Rentaikei
2.2.4.1. Sentence ending
2.2.4.2. Predicative
2.2.4.3. Conjugation
2.2.4.3.1. Negative imperative
2.2.4.3.2. Plain presumptive
2.2.4.3.3. Negative pseudo-futurum
2.2.5. Izenkei
2.2.5.1. Hypothetical
2.2.6. Meireikei
3. Verbal adjective conjugation
3.1. Adjectival stem
3.1.1. Word conjunction
3.1.1.1. Adjective / adjective
3.1.1.2. Adjective / noun
3.1.2. Impression
3.1.3. Noun forms
3.1.3.1. Quantifying nouns
3.1.3.2. Qualifying nouns
3.1.3.3. Subjective nouns
3.2. Mizenkei
3.3. Renyoukei
3.3.1. Polite negative
3.3.2. Past tense
3.3.3. て form chaining
3.3.3.1. Adjective chaining
3.3.3.2. Negative imperative
3.3.3.3. Special て form
3.3.4. Forming nouns
3.3.5. Forming adverbs
3.3.6. Classical adverbs
3.3.7. Meireikei
3.4. Rentaikei
3.4.1. The modifier
3.4.2. The comparative
3.4.3. The superlative
3.5. Izenkei
4. Formality
4.1. Polite speech
4.1.1. です
4.1.2. だ instability
4.1.3. ます
4.1.4. ござる
4.2. Social differences
4.2.1. Humble verb form
4.2.2. Humble verbs
4.2.3. Honorific verb form
4.2.4. Honorific verbs
5. Nouns and noun adjectives
5.1. Genitive vs. attributive
5.2. Inflections using です
5.3. Noun conditional
6. Conjugation schemes
6.1 Regular verbs: ごだん verbs
6.2 Regular verbs: いちだん verbs
6.3. Irregular verbs: する (ずる/じる)
6.4. Irregular verbs: くる
6.5. Special verbs: ある
6.6. Special verbs: だ/です
6.7. Special verbs: ます
6.8. The five special base verbs
6.9. Verbal adjective
7. Particles and modifiers
7.1. Particles
7.2. The particles lists
7.2.1. Quintessential particles
7.2.1.1. が
7.2.1.2. は
7.2.1.3. も
7.2.1.4. の
7.2.1.5. で
7.2.1.6. に
7.2.1.7. へ
7.2.1.8. を
7.2.1.9. と
7.2.2. Essential particles
7.2.2.1. のです
7.2.2.2. ので
7.2.2.3. から
7.2.2.4. まで
7.2.2.5. までに
7.2.2.6. より
7.2.2.7. けど
7.2.2.8. しか
7.2.2.9. だけ
7.2.2.10. でも
7.2.2.11. のに
7.2.2.12. や
7.2.2.13. ば
7.2.2.14. ね
7.2.2.15. ねえ
7.2.2.16. な
7.2.2.17. なあ
7.2.2.18. よ
7.2.3. Less essential particles
7.2.3.1. かな / かなあ
7.2.3.2. かしら
7.2.3.3. がな / がなあ
7.2.3.4. なら
7.2.3.5. し
7.2.3.7. ながら
7.2.3.8. がてら
7.2.3.9. とか
7.2.3.10. とも
7.2.3.11. には
7.2.3.12. ほど
7.2.3.13. ばかり
7.2.3.14. もの
7.2.4. Non-essential particles
7.2.4.1. っけ
7.2.4.2. って
7.2.4.3. きり / ぎり / っきり
7.2.4.4. くらい / ぐらい
7.2.4.5. ころ / ごろ
7.2.4.6. さ
7.2.4.7. ぜ, ぞ
7.2.4.8. わ
7.2.4.9. ずつ
7.2.4.10. だって
7.2.4.11. たって
7.2.4.12. だけに
7.2.4.13. だの
7.2.4.14. ったら
7.2.4.15. ってば
7.2.4.16. など / なんか
7.2.4.17. やら
7.2.4.18. どころ+negative
7.2.4.19. どころか
7.2.4.20. なんと
7.2.4.21. ながらも
7.2.4.22. なり
7.2.4.23. にて
7.2.4.24. ほか
7.2.4.25. までも
7.2.4.26. さえ
7.2.4.27. すら
7.2.4.28. ものか
7.2.4.29. もので
7.2.4.30. ものの
7.2.5. Even more particles
7.3. Nominalisers
7.3.1. Back referral
7.3.2. Abstract conceptualisation
7.3.3. Real conceptualisation
7.3.4. Illustrating a circumstance, case or occasion
7.3.5. Indicating a moment of opportunity
7.3.6. Describing an occurrence
7.3.7. Indicating a specific time or event
7.3.8. Stating an expectation
7.3.9. Stating a social expectation or custom
7.3.10. Indicating a moment in time or \'spot\'
7.3.11. Stating an intention
7.3.12. Stating a meaning or situational explanation
7.3.13. Likening something to something else
7.3.14. Indicating an exact manner
7.3.15. Stating purpose
7.4. Counters
7.4.1. Counting
7.4.2. Counter particles
7.4.2.1. Numerical counters
7.4.2.2. General counters for articles
7.4.2.3. Counters for living things
7.4.2.4. Occurrences and ranking
7.4.2.5. Counting time related units
7.4.3. Additional words for quantification
7.5. Prepositions
7.5.1. Prepositions translating to particles/verbconstructions
7.5.2. Prepositions translating to conceptualtemporal/location nouns
7.5.3. The conceptual nouns list
8. Constructions
8.1. Playing with numbers
8.1.1. Telling time and date
8.1.2. Doing maths
8.1.2.1. Addition
8.1.2.2. Subtraction
8.1.2.3. Division
8.1.2.4. Multiplication
8.1.2.5. More advanced math
8.2. Comparisons, preferences and choice
8.2.1. Binary choices
8.2.2. Open choices
8.2.3. Comparison through likeness
8.3. Interpersonal
8.3.1. Addressing people
8.3.1.1. Name suffixes
8.3.1.2. Family
8.3.1.3. Social setting
8.3.2. Suggesting and recommending
8.3.2.1. Recommending
8.3.2.2. Offering your opinion
8.3.2.3. Asking about an option
8.3.3. Giving/doing for someone
8.3.3.1. giving in a low-high social relation
8.3.3.2. Giving in a high-low social relation
8.3.3.3. Giving in an equal social relation
8.3.3.4. Giving to things not on the social ladder
8.3.4. Receiving/having someone do for you
8.3.5. Telling people what to do
8.3.5.1. Asking / giving permission
8.3.5.2. Instructing and commanding
8.4. Indirect speech
8.4.1. Expressing hearsay
8.4.2. Negative questions
8.4.3. Suggestions and assumptions
8.4.4. Uncertainty
8.5. Common phrases
Acknowledgements
Glossary
Index
English
Japanese
a disclaimer
Preface
Table of Contents
1. Japanese syntax and structure
1.1 The syntax
1.1.1 rōmaji
1.1.2 The kana
1.1.2.1. The scripts
1.1.2.2. Voicing
1.1.2.3. Glides
1.1.2.4. Long vowels
1.1.2.5. The \"Double consonant\"
1.1.2.6. Approximating non-Japanese sounds
1.1.3. Hiragana
1.1.4. Katakana
1.1.5. Kanji
1.1.5.1. The history of kanji
1.1.5.2. Kanji readings
1.1.5.3. Why kanji are a blessing
1.1.5.4. Stroke order
1.1.5.5. Looking up kanji
1.1.5.6. Compound pronunciations
1.1.6. How to write Japanese
1.2. The language
1.2.1. Word classes
1.2.1.1. Verbals
1.2.1.1.1. Godan conjugating verbs
1.2.1.1.2. Ichidan conjugating verbs
1.2.1.1.3. Irregular conjugating verbs
1.2.1.1.4. Verbal adjectives
1.2.1.1.5. Some important verbs
1.2.1.2. Nominals
1.2.1.2.1. Nouns
1.2.1.2.2. Noun adjectives
1.2.1.2.3. Pronouns
1.2.1.2.4. Personal pronouns
1.2.1.2.5. Important nouns
1.2.1.3. Compound words
1.2.1.4. Adverbials
1.2.1.5. Sound words
1.2.1.5.1. Onomatopoeia
1.2.1.5.2. Mimesis
1.2.1.6. Particles and modifiers
1.2.1.6.1. Denoting grammar
1.2.1.6.2. Postpositions
1.2.1.6.3. Modifiers and nominalisers
1.2.1.6.4. Counters
1.2.1.7. Prefixes
1.2.1.7.1. The honorific prefix
1.2.1.7.2. Negating prefixes
1.2.1.7.3. Assorted prefixes
1.2.2. Accents and pitch
1.2.3. Gender roles
1.2.4. Sentence structure
1.2.5. Discourse
1.2.5.1. Context
1.2.5.2. Explicitly introducing context
1.2.5.3. Asking questions and context
1.2.5.4. S/O/V in discourse
2. Verb conjugation
2.1. Classes and bases
2.2. Verb constructions
2.2.1. Mizenkei
2.2.1.1. Negative
2.2.1.1.1. Direct negative 1
2.2.1.1.2. Direct negative 2
2.2.1.1.3. Polite negative
2.2.1.1.4. Negative perfect
2.2.1.1.5. Additional examples
2.2.1.2. (ra)reru
2.2.1.2.1. Passive
2.2.1.2.2. Passive form of bother
2.2.1.2.3. Potential
2.2.1.2.4. Honorific
2.2.1.2.5. Additional examples
2.2.1.3. (sa)seru
2.2.1.4. Causative passive
2.2.1.5. Pseudo-futurum
2.2.1.5.1. Dubitative/cohortative
2.2.1.5.2. Presumptive
2.2.1.5.3. The pseudo-futurum + と + verbs
2.2.1.5.4. Negative pseudo-futurum
2.2.2. Renyoukei
2.2.2.1. Conjunction
2.2.2.1.1. Sentences
2.2.2.1.2. Verbals
2.2.2.2. Conjugation
2.2.2.2.1. Polite form
2.2.2.2.2. Short potential
2.2.2.2.3. Past tense
2.2.2.2.4. The て form
2.2.2.2.5. Representative verb action listing
2.2.2.2.6. Desire
2.2.2.2.7. Impressions
2.2.2.3. Forming nouns
2.2.2.3.1. Plain nouns
2.2.2.3.2. Way of doing ...
2.2.3. Shuushikei
2.2.4. Rentaikei
2.2.4.1. Sentence ending
2.2.4.2. Predicative
2.2.4.3. Conjugation
2.2.4.3.1. Negative imperative
2.2.4.3.2. Plain presumptive
2.2.4.3.3. Negative pseudo-futurum
2.2.5. Izenkei
2.2.5.1. Hypothetical
2.2.6. Meireikei
3. Verbal adjective conjugation
3.1. Adjectival stem
3.1.1. Word conjunction
3.1.1.1. Adjective / adjective
3.1.1.2. Adjective / noun
3.1.2. Impression
3.1.3. Noun forms
3.1.3.1. Quantifying nouns
3.1.3.2. Qualifying nouns
3.1.3.3. Subjective nouns
3.2. Mizenkei
3.3. Renyoukei
3.3.1. Polite negative
3.3.2. Past tense
3.3.3. て form chaining
3.3.3.1. Adjective chaining
3.3.3.2. Negative imperative
3.3.3.3. Special て form
3.3.4. Forming nouns
3.3.5. Forming adverbs
3.3.6. Classical adverbs
3.3.7. Meireikei
3.4. Rentaikei
3.4.1. The modifier
3.4.2. The comparative
3.4.3. The superlative
3.5. Izenkei
4. Formality
4.1. Polite speech
4.1.1. です
4.1.2. だ instability
4.1.3. ます
4.1.4. ござる
4.2. Social differences
4.2.1. Humble verb form
4.2.2. Humble verbs
4.2.3. Honorific verb form
4.2.4. Honorific verbs
5. Nouns and noun adjectives
5.1. Genitive vs. attributive
5.2. Inflections using です
5.3. Noun conditional
6. Conjugation schemes
6.1 Regular verbs: ごだん verbs
6.2 Regular verbs: いちだん verbs
6.3. Irregular verbs: する (ずる/じる)
6.4. Irregular verbs: くる
6.5. Special verbs: ある
6.6. Special verbs: だ/です
6.7. Special verbs: ます
6.8. The five special base verbs
6.9. Verbal adjective
7. Particles and modifiers
7.1. Particles
7.2. The particles lists
7.2.1. Quintessential particles
7.2.1.1. が
7.2.1.2. は
7.2.1.3. も
7.2.1.4. の
7.2.1.5. で
7.2.1.6. に
7.2.1.7. へ
7.2.1.8. を
7.2.1.9. と
7.2.2. Essential particles
7.2.2.1. のです
7.2.2.2. ので
7.2.2.3. から
7.2.2.4. まで
7.2.2.5. までに
7.2.2.6. より
7.2.2.7. けど
7.2.2.8. しか
7.2.2.9. だけ
7.2.2.10. でも
7.2.2.11. のに
7.2.2.12. や
7.2.2.13. ば
7.2.2.14. ね
7.2.2.15. ねえ
7.2.2.16. な
7.2.2.17. なあ
7.2.2.18. よ
7.2.3. Less essential particles
7.2.3.1. かな / かなあ
7.2.3.2. かしら
7.2.3.3. がな / がなあ
7.2.3.4. なら
7.2.3.5. し
7.2.3.7. ながら
7.2.3.8. がてら
7.2.3.9. とか
7.2.3.10. とも
7.2.3.11. には
7.2.3.12. ほど
7.2.3.13. ばかり
7.2.3.14. もの
7.2.4. Non-essential particles
7.2.4.1. っけ
7.2.4.2. って
7.2.4.3. きり / ぎり / っきり
7.2.4.4. くらい / ぐらい
7.2.4.5. ころ / ごろ
7.2.4.6. さ
7.2.4.7. ぜ, ぞ
7.2.4.8. わ
7.2.4.9. ずつ
7.2.4.10. だって
7.2.4.11. たって
7.2.4.12. だけに
7.2.4.13. だの
7.2.4.14. ったら
7.2.4.15. ってば
7.2.4.16. など / なんか
7.2.4.17. やら
7.2.4.18. どころ+negative
7.2.4.19. どころか
7.2.4.20. なんと
7.2.4.21. ながらも
7.2.4.22. なり
7.2.4.23. にて
7.2.4.24. ほか
7.2.4.25. までも
7.2.4.26. さえ
7.2.4.27. すら
7.2.4.28. ものか
7.2.4.29. もので
7.2.4.30. ものの
7.2.5. Even more particles
7.3. Nominalisers
7.3.1. Back referral
7.3.2. Abstract conceptualisation
7.3.3. Real conceptualisation
7.3.4. Illustrating a circumstance, case or occasion
7.3.5. Indicating a moment of opportunity
7.3.6. Describing an occurrence
7.3.7. Indicating a specific time or event
7.3.8. Stating an expectation
7.3.9. Stating a social expectation or custom
7.3.10. Indicating a moment in time or \'spot\'
7.3.11. Stating an intention
7.3.12. Stating a meaning or situational explanation
7.3.13. Likening something to something else
7.3.14. Indicating an exact manner
7.3.15. Stating purpose
7.4. Counters
7.4.1. Counting
7.4.2. Counter particles
7.4.2.1. Numerical counters
7.4.2.2. General counters for articles
7.4.2.3. Counters for living things
7.4.2.4. Occurrences and ranking
7.4.2.5. Counting time related units
7.4.3. Additional words for quantification
7.5. Prepositions
7.5.1. Prepositions translating to particles/verbconstructions
7.5.2. Prepositions translating to conceptualtemporal/location nouns
7.5.3. The conceptual nouns list
8. Constructions
8.1. Playing with numbers
8.1.1. Telling time and date
8.1.2. Doing maths
8.1.2.1. Addition
8.1.2.2. Subtraction
8.1.2.3. Division
8.1.2.4. Multiplication
8.1.2.5. More advanced math
8.2. Comparisons, preferences and choice
8.2.1. Binary choices
8.2.2. Open choices
8.2.3. Comparison through likeness
8.3. Interpersonal
8.3.1. Addressing people
8.3.1.1. Name suffixes
8.3.1.2. Family
8.3.1.3. Social setting
8.3.2. Suggesting and recommending
8.3.2.1. Recommending
8.3.2.2. Offering your opinion
8.3.2.3. Asking about an option
8.3.3. Giving/doing for someone
8.3.3.1. giving in a low-high social relation
8.3.3.2. Giving in a high-low social relation
8.3.3.3. Giving in an equal social relation
8.3.3.4. Giving to things not on the social ladder
8.3.4. Receiving/having someone do for you
8.3.5. Telling people what to do
8.3.5.1. Asking / giving permission
8.3.5.2. Instructing and commanding
8.4. Indirect speech
8.4.1. Expressing hearsay
8.4.2. Negative questions
8.4.3. Suggestions and assumptions
8.4.4. Uncertainty
8.5. Common phrases
Acknowledgements
Glossary
Index
English
Japanese
